Red Rust exists as Ｆe2O3（Ⅲ） in water _ The treated water with our device reacts and is reduced into Fe(OH)2 as follows: Ｈ+ + Ｏ2 + e- → ＨＯ2 Fe(OH)3 + HO2 → Ｆe(OH)2+H2O+O2 _ Red rust is dissolved by activated water and reduced Fe(OH)2 is combined with Fe(OH)３,and it makes black rust asＦe(OH)8 in water. _ Ｆe(OH)2 + 2Fe(OH)３ → Ｆe(OH)8 （Black rust in water） _ → 4 H2O +FeO4 （Black rust in the air） Scale issues have been one of the most serious water related issues. The causes for the formation of scales are ionized minerals like Si, Ca and Mg ( the ultimate cause for the formation of scales, particularly “ionized Silica can be a big cause”), oxidized iron & zinc and other impurities. Scale can be formed by the reaction of ionized minerals like Si, Ca and Mg with oxidized material including iron, zinc and other impurities. It is more possible for scales to be formed at a higher temperature and high PH.